Which Famous Art Form Represented a Fertility Figure? Lascaux Venus of Willendorf Stonehenge

dorsum to: introduction

Venus of Willendorf
Paleolithic Europe
relief stone etching
30,000-15,000 B.C.

Lascaux Cave Paintings
Paleolithic Europe
cave painting
xxx,000-15,000 B.C.

Stonehenge
Neolithic England
architecture
@ viii,000 B.C.

Chapter 1: The Beginnings of Art

PALEOLITHIC, MESOLITHIC, and NEOLITHIC

-Paleolithic-40,000-10,000 BC

-Mesolithic-10,000-8000 BC

-Neolithic-8000-3000 BC

Paleolithic art
-First signs of Human being appeared in Africa @ 2 meg years ago. Tool use @1 million. Earliest examples of Western art appeared equally glaciers retreated.

-Venus of Willendorf-carved limestone, c. 30,000-15,000 BC. Considering of the importance of fertility, (infant bloodshed rates were loftier making it a necessity to have many children for survival) probably a fertility symbol. Done in the circular versus in relief.

Cavern Art (Lascaux)
-murals at Lascaux. Normally, Paleolithic human did not portray humans in painting. Most are animals. Based on observation. Probably done by blowing pigment through a pipe.

Pigment -basis colour used with a vehicle or binder on a support.

Cavern art often uses the contours of the cave to define the course of the animal. Leon Battista Alberti, an Italian Renaissance aesthetician, believed that man offset created images through clan. The surface of the wall may have inferred the shape then the artist would "perfect" an image. The works at Lascaux seem to confirm Alberti'due south "prototype by accident" theory.

Mesolithic period
-Marked by a series of migrations with a movement toward agriculture and line-fishing. More interest in agriculture and more permanent communities.

Neolithic art

Stonehenge
-possibly used for astronomical observations or rituals. It is the earliest example of public art in N. Europe.

Megaliths

-menhirs-(long) single unhewn or slightly sculpted

-dolmens-(tabular array) two or more verticals with a horizontal

-cromlechs-(circle) menhirs in a circle or semi-circle

(words taken from Celtic language)

Post and Lintel Construction
-two upright columns and i lintel cross-piece. Basic construction method from which other methods grew.

Palette of Narmer
Ancient Egypt
sculptural object
@ 3,000 B.C.

Pyramid of Zoser, by Imhotep
Ancient Egyptian
limestone architecture
2750 B.C.

Great Pyramids at Giza
Ancient Egyptian
limestone architecture
2570-2530 B.C.

Judgement earlier Osiris
Ancient Egyptian
painted papyrus
1285 B.C.

Bust of Nefertiti
Ancient Egyptian
painted limestone
1360 B.C.

Ancient Arab republic of egypt

-Lasted about 2500 years, longer than the fourth dimension from Christ's nascency to today.

-began about 3000 BC when Narmer united Upper and Lower Egypt.

-Quondam Kingdom-2700-2100 BC

-Middle Kingdom-2100-1700 BC

-New Kingdom-1600-thousand BC

-525 BC Persians conquered Egypt, 332 BC Alexander the Great

Palette of Narmer- ritual object, c. 2700 BC, slate
-Egyptian artistic conventions utilise a hierarchical social club. either side or frontal views are used in Egyptian style for simplification and a "readable" orderly style.
-Narmer is in the middle of the palette, and is largest figure.

Sculpture and Painting
-adhered to rigid sculptural conventions or canons (rules). These rules, like the laws of Egypt had to be carefully followed past artists.

Writing
-hieroglyphics-picture writing that is not as abstruse equally cuneiform.

Religion
-Egyptians believed in polytheism (many gods).
-Decease and the training for expiry was an integral office of Egyptian life. Objects and images of the dead person were put in the tomb so the ka (soul), of the person could enter into it. Proper embalming was essential. The jackal-headed god, Anibus was the embalmer of the dead. It was his duty to take the heart of the deceased and weigh it confronting the Feather of Truth before Osiris, god of the Underworld, and 42 other gods. If the middle was lighter than the Feather of Truth, the ka entered into a contented afterlife.

Monumental Compages
Mastabas were early pyramids. They were hush-hush burial areas that reflected the importance of life later decease in Egyptian religion.

King Zoser's Pyramid was the earliest known pyramid. Information technology used a stepped structure and was designed by Imhotep. Imhotep is the offset private artist recognized for a slice of art or architecture that we have seen. The complex included a running area so that the pharoah could prove his worth during the Sed festival.

The Great Pyramids at Giza- 2570-2530 BC, limestone
-located on the eastward side of the Nile.
-four sides correlate to the four compass points.
-interiors had a number of unlike chambers, some false
-also at Giza was the Great Sphinx, one-half human/one-half creature

Temple of Queen Hatshepsut- 1480 BC, Sandstone and rock
-Built right into the solid stone. One of 3 major queens, she initiated reforms and big scale building projects in Egypt. She was the first to affirm the re-institution of Egypt's greatness. Her successor Thutmose Ii saw her every bit a spendthrift who funneled money away from the military.

Bust of Nefertiti- 1360 BC, painted limestone
-done in Akhenaten's Style (more naturalistic). It reflected the reign of Akhenaten who made massive changes in religion and order. Akhenaten (formerly Amenhotep IV) was a religious zealot who changed the social lodge and religion of Egypt. King Tutankhamen's grandpa.

Stele of Hammurabi
Mesopotamian
relief rock carving
1760 B.C., Sumerian

Bull Capital from Persepolis
Western farsi
stone
c. 400 BC

MESOPOTAMIA

Sumerian Culture
-was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (modern-day Republic of iraq). During this period in that location was a move toward urbanization. Metals and bike pottery are found during this period. They observed a three-season cycle that consisted of flood, planting, and harvest. There was little fortification possible in this area because the land is so flat.
-Ziggurats-Early form of pyramid. The central focus of the ziggurat was called the cella, a identify for religious ceremony, civic meetings, musical celebrations, etc. They were load bearing structure made of dirt bricks and may have been used as fortifications in times of war. Inside were cylinder seals. An case of Glyptic art (in intaglio-incised)
-Cuneiform-primeval known writing in rock or dirt tablets. Story of Gilgamesh, heroic effigy of Mesopotamia, was recorded in cuneiform.
-A replicate of aLyre soundbox with lapis lazuli carvings was made. Such a piece would have come from the city of Ur effectually 2500 BC.

Babylonian civilization (c. 1900-539 BC)
-Stele of Hammurabi-earliest known written laws to protect the weak from the stronger. His laws generally protected landowners only and were not intended for general utilize among the entire population.
-Ishtar Gate and the Hanging Gardens were congenital in Babylon (modern twenty-four hour period Baghdad) and would take been imposing structures in their time.

Assyrian civilization (c. 1100-612 BC)
-Dying King of beasts-limestone from the Palace of Sargon Ii, 720 BC. Assyrians were well known for being a keen armed forces force. Depictions such as the Lion Hunt would take helped to gear up a visitor for his audience with the Rex.

Persia (539-331 BC)
-Persepolis-"city of the Persians" built by Darius the Great, covered 6 acres. The Persians were defeated by Alexander the Great in 331 BC. The Athenian Greeks defeated Xerxes, son of Darius, at the Boxing of Salamis, to finish Persian political influence. This defeat made all of Greece indebted to Athens and catapulted information technology to prominence in the ancient world.
-One notable slice of wall art is a depiction of the "Immortals," an elite grouping who defended the King and led the Western farsi Regular army.

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Source: https://faculty.evansville.edu/rl29/art105/sp03/art105-1.html

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